History When told about opium, we don’t have a very optimistic view on it. However, taking a look at the roots of opium, people in the past were not as cautious as we are today. The earliest record of opium dates back to 3400 BCE in Mesopotamia (which is South Africa in the present). At …
Introduction The world is basically just a melting pot of atoms, repelling, attracting, or interacting with each other. But then, what is responsible for all the complexity, such as ourselves? Emergence is a phenomenon in which things interact with others and end up becoming more than its sum and constitutes many of the events in …
Overview CRISPR gene editing is a genetic manipulation tool in molecular biology that enables alteration of the genomes of living organisms by this particular technique. While at this point it can not be considered an innovative technology, CRISPR already needs to exploit its potential, which will have a much broader and more positive effect on …
Discovery of Immunology Before its discovery by Edward Jenner in the 18th century, people believed that diseases were caused by God as punishments with no cures. Jenner realized that people who were infected by cowpox survived smallpox. Therefore, the idea of vaccination, or the method of injecting deactivated pathogens into the body so that the …
When our finger touches our arm, does the finger first feel the touch of the arm, or does our arm feel the touch of the finger first? This innate ability to feel happens to tie strongly with pain. Whatever we feel is actually, in a way, pain. Something as uninteresting and distressing as pain, why …
CIPA/Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis Read More »
Introduction The reward system, or reward pathway, is a part of the brain that becomes activated when we experience or about to experience something pleasurable. It is what allows us to feel joy and motivation. Without this feedback, we will not be able to think, remember and feel properly. History The reward system was first …
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